mle-interview
  • 面试指南
  • 数据结构与算法
    • 列表
      • 912. Sort an Array
      • 215. Kth Largest Element
      • 977. Squares of a Sorted Array
      • 605. Can Place Flowers
      • 59. Spiral Matrix II
      • 179. Largest Number
      • 31. Next Permutation
    • 二分查找
      • 704. Binary Search
      • 69. Sqrt(x)
      • 278. First Bad Version
      • 34. Find First and Last Position of Element in Sorted Array
      • 33. Search in Rotated Sorted Array
      • 81. Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
      • 162. Find Peak Element
      • 4. Median of Two Sorted Arrays
      • 1095. Find in Mountain Array
      • 240. Search a 2D Matrix II
      • 540. Single Element in a Sorted Array
      • 528. Random Pick with Weight
      • 1300. Sum of Mutated Array Closest to Target
      • 410. Split Array Largest Sum
      • 1044. Longest Duplicate Substring
      • *644. Maximum Average Subarray II
      • *1060. Missing Element in Sorted Array
      • *1062. Longest Repeating Substring
      • *1891. Cutting Ribbons
    • 双指针
      • 26. Remove Duplicate Numbers in Array
      • 283. Move Zeroes
      • 75. Sort Colors
      • 88. Merge Sorted Arrays
      • 167. Two Sum II - Input array is sorted
      • 11. Container With Most Water
      • 42. Trapping Rain Water
      • 15. 3Sum
      • 16. 3Sum Closest
      • 18. 4Sum
      • 454. 4Sum II
      • 409. Longest Palindrome
      • 125. Valid Palindrome
      • 647. Palindromic Substrings
      • 209. Minimum Size Subarray Sum
      • 5. Longest Palindromic Substring
      • 395. Longest Substring with At Least K Repeating Characters
      • 424. Longest Repeating Character Replacement
      • 76. Minimum Window Substring
      • 3. Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters
      • 1004. Max Consecutive Ones III
      • 1658. Minimum Operations to Reduce X to Zero
      • *277. Find the Celebrity
      • *340. Longest Substring with At Most K Distinct Characters
    • 链表
      • 203. Remove Linked List Elements
      • 19. Remove Nth Node From End of List
      • 876. Middle of the Linked List
      • 206. Reverse Linked List
      • 92. Reverse Linked List II
      • 24. Swap Nodes in Pairs
      • 707. Design Linked List
      • 148. Sort List
      • 160. Intersection of Two Linked Lists
      • 141. Linked List Cycle
      • 142. Linked List Cycle II
      • 328. Odd Even Linked List
    • 哈希表
      • 706. Design HashMap
      • 1. Two Sum
      • 146. LRU Cache
      • 128. Longest Consecutive Sequence
      • 73. Set Matrix Zeroes
      • 380. Insert Delete GetRandom O(1)
      • 49. Group Anagrams
      • 350. Intersection of Two Arrays II
      • 299. Bulls and Cows
      • *348. Design Tic-Tac-Toe
    • 字符串
      • 242. Valid Anagram
      • 151. Reverse Words in a String
      • 205. Isomorphic Strings
      • 647. Palindromic Substrings
      • 696. Count Binary Substrings
      • 28. Find the Index of the First Occurrence in a String
      • *186. Reverse Words in a String II
    • 栈与队列
      • 225. Implement Stack using Queues
      • 54. Spiral Matrix
      • 155. Min Stack
      • 232. Implement Queue using Stacks
      • 150. Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation
      • 224. Basic Calculator
      • 20. Valid Parentheses
      • 1472. Design Browser History
      • 1209. Remove All Adjacent Duplicates in String II
      • 1249. Minimum Remove to Make Valid Parentheses
      • *281. Zigzag Iterator
      • *1429. First Unique Number
      • *346. Moving Average from Data Stream
    • 优先队列/堆
      • 692. Top K Frequent Words
      • 347. Top K Frequent Elements
      • 973. K Closest Points
      • 23. Merge K Sorted Lists
      • 264. Ugly Number II
      • 378. Kth Smallest Element in a Sorted Matrix
      • 295. Find Median from Data Stream
      • 767. Reorganize String
      • 1438. Longest Continuous Subarray With Absolute Diff Less Than or Equal to Limit
      • 895. Maximum Frequency Stack
      • 1705. Maximum Number of Eaten Apples
      • *1086. High Five
    • 深度优先DFS
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      • 543. Diameter of Binary Tree
      • 101. Symmetric Tree
      • 124. Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum
      • 226. Invert Binary Tree
      • 104. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree
      • 951. Flip Equivalent Binary Trees
      • 236. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Tree
      • 987. Vertical Order Traversal of a Binary Tree
      • 572. Subtree of Another Tree
      • 863. All Nodes Distance K in Binary Tree
      • 1110. Delete Nodes And Return Forest
      • 230. Kth Smallest element in a BST
      • 98. Validate Binary Search Tree
      • 235. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree
      • 669. Trim a Binary Search Tree
      • 700. Search in a Binary Search Tree
      • 108. Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree
      • 450. Delete Node in a BST
      • 938. Range Sum of BST
      • *270. Closest Binary Search Tree Value
      • *333. Largest BST Subtree
      • *285. Inorder Successor in BST
      • *1485. Clone Binary Tree With Random Pointer
      • 回溯
      • 39. Combination Sum
      • 78. Subsets
      • 46. Permutation
      • 77. Combinations
      • 17. Letter Combinations of a Phone Number
      • 51. N-Queens
      • 93. Restore IP Addresses
      • 22. Generate Parentheses
      • 856. Score of Parentheses
      • 301. Remove Invalid Parentheses
      • 37. Sodoku Solver
      • 图DFS
      • 126. Word Ladder II
      • 212. Word Search II
      • 79. Word Search
      • 399. Evaluate Division
      • 1376. Time Needed to Inform All Employees
      • 131. Palindrome Partitioning
      • 491. Non-decreasing Subsequences
      • 698. Partition to K Equal Sum Subsets
      • 526. Beautiful Arrangement
      • 139. Word Break
      • 377. Combination Sum IV
      • 472. Concatenated Words
      • 403. Frog Jump
      • 329. Longest Increasing Path in a Matrix
      • 797. All Paths From Source to Target
      • 695. Max Area of Island
      • 341. Flatten Nested List Iterator
      • 394. Decode String
      • *291. Word Pattern II
      • *694. Number of Distinct Islands
      • *1274. Number of Ships in a Rectangle
      • *1087. Brace Expansion
    • 广度优先BFS
      • 102. Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
      • 103. Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal
      • 297. Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree
      • 310. Minimum Height Trees
      • 127. Word Ladder
      • 934. Shortest Bridge
      • 200. Number of Islands
      • 133. Clone Graph
      • 130. Surrounded Regions
      • 752. Open the Lock
      • 815. Bus Routes
      • 1091. Shortest Path in Binary Matrix
      • 542. 01 Matrix
      • 1293. Shortest Path in a Grid with Obstacles Elimination
      • 417. Pacific Atlantic Water Flow
      • 207. Course Schedule
      • 210. Course Schedule II
      • 787. Cheapest Flights Within K Stops
      • 444. Sequence Reconstruction
      • 994. Rotting Oranges
      • 785. Is Graph Bipartite?
      • *366. Find Leaves of Binary Tree
      • *314. Binary Tree Vertical Order Traversal
      • *269. Alien Dictionary
      • *323. Connected Component in Undirected Graph
      • *490. The Maze
    • 动态规划
      • 70. Climbing Stairs
      • 72. Edit Distance
      • 377. Combination Sum IV
      • 1335. Minimum Difficulty of a Job Schedule
      • 97. Interleaving String
      • 472. Concatenated Words
      • 403. Frog Jump
      • 674. Longest Continuous Increasing Subsequence
      • 62. Unique Paths
      • 64. Minimum Path Sum
      • 368. Largest Divisible Subset
      • 300. Longest Increasing Subsequence
      • 354. Russian Doll Envelopes
      • 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
      • 132. Palindrome Partitioning II
      • 312. Burst Balloons
      • 1143. Longest Common Subsequence
      • 718. Maximum Length of Repeated Subarray
      • 174. Dungeon Game
      • 115. Distinct Subsequences
      • 91. Decode Ways
      • 639. Decode Ways II
      • 712. Minimum ASCII Delete Sum for Two Strings
      • 221. Maximal Square
      • 1277. Count Square Submatrices with All Ones
      • 198. House Robber
      • 213. House Robber II
      • 1235. Maximum Profit in Job Scheduling
      • 740. Delete and Earn
      • 87. Scramble String
      • 1140. Stone Game II
      • 322. Coin Change
      • 518. Coin Change II
      • 1048. Longest String Chain
      • 44. Wildcard Matching
      • 10. Regular Expression Matching
      • 32. Longest Valid Parentheses
      • 1043. Partition Array for Maximum Sum
      • *256. Paint House
      • 926. Flip String to Monotone Increasing
      • *1062. Longest Repeating Substring
      • *1216. Valid Palindrome III
    • 贪心
      • 56. Merge Intervals
      • 621. Task Scheduler
      • 135. Candy
      • 376. Wiggle Subsequence
      • 55. Jump Game
      • 134. Gas Station
      • 1005. Maximize Sum Of Array After K Negations
      • 406. Queue Reconstruction by Height
      • 452. Minimum Number of Arrows to Burst Balloons
      • 738. Monotone Increasing Digits
    • 单调栈
      • 739. Daily Temperatures
      • 503. Next Greater Element II
      • 901. Online Stock Span
      • 85. Maximum Rectangle
      • 84. Largest Rectangle in Histogram
      • 907. Sum of Subarray Minimums
      • 239. Sliding Window Maximum
    • 前缀和
      • 53. Maximum Subarray
      • 523. Continuous Subarray Sum
      • 304. Range Sum Query 2D - Immutable
      • 1423. Maximum Points You Can Obtain from Cards
      • 1031. Maximum Sum of Two Non-Overlapping Subarrays
    • 并查集
      • 684. Redundant Connection
      • 721. Accounts Merge
      • 547. Number of Provinces
      • 737. Sentence Similarity II
      • *305. Number of Islands II
    • 字典树trie
      • 208. Implement Trie
      • 211. Design Add and Search Words Data Structure
      • 1268. Search Suggestions System
      • *1166. Design File System
      • *642. Design Search Autocomplete System
    • 扫描线sweep line
      • 253. Meeting Room II
      • 1094. Car Pooling
      • 218. The Skyline Problem
      • *759. Employee Free Time
    • tree map
      • 729. My Calendar I
      • 981. Time Based Key-Value Store
      • 846. Hand of Straights
      • 480. Sliding Window Median
      • 318. Count of Smaller Numbers After Self
    • 数学类
      • 50. Pow(x, n)
      • *311. Sparse Matrix Multiplication
      • 382. Linked List Random Node
      • 398. Random Pick Index
      • 29. Divide Two Integers
    • 设计类
      • 1603. Design Parking System
      • 355. Design Twitter
      • 1396. Design Underground System
      • *359. Logger Rate Limiter
      • *353. Design Snake Game
      • *379. Design Phone Directory
      • *588. Design In-Memory File System
      • *1244. Design A Leaderboard
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On this page
  • 过程
  • 评价
  • PCA
  • 问答
  • code
  • 参考
  1. 机器学习

k-means

  • partitioning a dataset into k distinct clusters based on similarity measures. It aims to minimize the within-cluster sum of squares (WCSS) or the average squared distance between data points and their assigned cluster centroids

  • 通过样本间的相似性对数据集进行聚类,使类内差距最小化,类间差距最大化

过程

  • 选择初始化的 k 个样本作为初始聚类中心

  • 针对数据集中每个样本, 计算它到 k 个聚类中心的距离并将其分到距离最小的聚类中心所对应的类中

  • 针对每个类别 ,重新计算它的聚类中心 (即属于该类的所有样本的质心);

  • 重复上面 2 3 两步操作,直到达到某个中止条件(迭代次数、最小误差变化等

评价

  • 可以通过衡量簇内差异来衡量聚类的效果:Inertia

    • a.它的计算太容易受到特征数目的影响。

    • b.它不是有界的,Inertia是越小越好,但并不知道何时达到模型的极限,能否继续提高。

    • c.它会受到超参数K的影响,随着K越大,Inertia必定会越来越小,但并不代表模型效果越来越好。

    • d.Inertia 对数据的分布有假设,它假设数据满足凸分布,并且它假设数据是各向同性的,所以使用Inertia作为评估指标,会让聚类算法在一些细长簇、环形簇或者不规则形状的流形时表现不佳。

  • 轮廓系数

PCA

  • explained variance ratio

  • create new uncorrelated variables that successively maximize variance by solving an eigenvalue/eigenvector problem.

  • reduce the dimensionality of dataset, increase interpretability while minimize information loss

  • pros: no need of prior; reduce overfitting (by reduce #variables in the dataset); visualizable

  • cons: data standardization is a prerequisite; information loss

问答

  • cons

    • 对outlier敏感

  • k means 如何选择k

    • scree plot: 横坐标n_cluster, 纵坐标intra-cluster variance (区分 inter-cluster variance)

  • 怎么判断clustering效果好不好

    • 聚类评价指标: Purity, NMI, RI, Precision(查准率), Recall(查全率), F, ARI, Accuracy(正确率)

  • k-means和KNN的区别

    • k-means无监督,KNN有监督

  • signal-to-variance ratio

  • K-means为什么是收敛的

  • K-means 怎么初始化 K-means++

  • EM方法为什么是收敛的

  • Any acceleration algorithm for PCA

    • PCA involves computing the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariance matrix or performing Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), both of which can be time-intensive.

code

# https://gancode.com/2021/03/01/6933952373303803912.html
import numpy as np
import random

class KMeans:
    def __init__(self, n_clusters=3, random_state=0):
        assert n_clusters >=1, " must be valid"
        self._n_clusters = n_clusters
        self._random_state = random_state
        self._center = None  # cluster中心, n_cluster * n_feature
        self.cluster_centers_ = None

    def distance(self, M, N):
        return (np.sum((M - N) ** 2, axis = 1))** 0.5

    def _generate_labels(self, center, X):
        return np.array([np.argmin(self.distance(center, item)) for item in X])

    def _generate_centers(self, labels, X):
        return np.array([np.average(X[labels == i], axis=0) for i in np.arange(self._n_clusters)])

    def fit_predict(self, X, n_iters=1000, tol=1e-4):
        # X: 样本, n_sample * n_feature
        k = self._n_clusters

        # 设置随机数
        if self._random_state:
            random.seed(self._random_state)

        # 生成随机中心点的索引
        center_index = [random.randint(0, X.shape[0]) for _ in np.arange(k)]
        center = X[center_index]

        while n_iters > 0:
            # 记录上一个迭代的中心点坐标
            last_center = center

            # 根据上一批中心点,计算各个点所属的类
            labels = self._generate_labels(last_center, X)
            self.labels_ = labels

            # 新的中心点坐标
            center = self._generate_centers(labels, X)
            # if np.linalg.norm(center - self.cluster_centers_) < tol:
            #     break
            self.cluster_centers_ = center

            # 如果新计算得到的中心点,和上一次计算得到的点相同,说明迭代已经稳定了。
            if (last_center == center).all():
                self.labels_ = self._generate_labels(center, X)
                break

            n_iters = n_iters - 1
        return self

时间复杂度: O(tkmn) ,t 为迭代次数,k 为簇的数目,n 为样本点数,m 为样本点维度 空间复杂度: O(m(n+k)) ,k 为簇的数目,m 为样本点维度,n 为样本点数

# PCA: np.linalg.norm

参考

Previous无监督学习Next强化学习 RL

Last updated 21 days ago

Stop using the elbow criterion for k-means
K-Means Clustering
一文读懂K均值(K-Means)聚类算法
【机器学习】K-means
根因分析初探:一种报警聚类算法在业务系统的落地实施
聚类评价指标
高斯混合模型(GMM)详解 - TroubleShooter的文章 - 知乎